The 1964 JBC Strike
- tcollins66
- Mar 17
- 14 min read
Updated: Apr 15
A Defining Moment in Jamaican Labour History
In 1964, a significant and attention-grabbing event unfolded involving workers at the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation (JBC), which was then a publicly owned entity responsible for both television and radio broadcasts across the island. The strike, known as the “JBC Strike,” lasted for 97 days and garnered support from thousands of Jamaicans.
The catalyst for the strike was the dismissal of two employees, Mr. Adrian Rodway, an editor, and George Lee, a journalist, who were terminated after a radio broadcast concerning salary negotiations between the National Workers Union (NWU) and JBC. This incident occurred on January 27, 1964. The two men were summoned to a meeting with senior management and board members, where they faced accusations of broadcasting inaccurate and unverified information.
In response to their dismissals, the NWU formally requested that an arbitrator review the cases and reinstate the employees if it was determined that they had been unjustly terminated. However, the proposal was rejected during a February 1, 1964, board meeting. This refusal prompted around 50 JBC employees to initiate a strike, which ultimately drew widespread public attention and support from the Jamaican community.
A Turning Point in Labour Relations
As tensions escalated during the 1964 JBC strike, the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation (JBC) Board remained steadfast in its refusal to engage in discussions regarding the reinstatement of the dismissed employees, Mr. Adrian Rodway and George Lee. Instead, amid the growing unrest, the Board publicly announced plans to restructure the organization. Management revealed that employment cuts were imminent, adding fuel to the already volatile situation.
On March 4, 1964, the JBC Board released a press statement outlining their final position on the matter. They indicated that any potential arbitration regarding the dismissals would occur internally, asserting that should it be determined that JBC had acted incorrectly, compensation would be provided to Rodway and Lee. Despite this promise, the effectiveness of internal arbitration raised concerns among union members and supporters.
Throughout the strike, JBC operated with a significantly reduced workforce, relying primarily on non-union personnel and management staff. The precarious situation was further exacerbated when JBC announced its restructuring plans, which aimed to retain only about 40 per cent of the existing employees. This reduction only heightened the stakes for those involved in the employment dispute.
The events surrounding the JBC strike and the Board's response reflected broader tensions in Jamaican labour relations during the era, marking a critical moment in the fight for workers' rights and fair treatment in the workplace.
The Clash of Loyalty and Survival
As the 1964 strike at the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation (JBC) unfolded, the atmosphere grew tense with fears of repercussions for participating employees. Mr. K.H. Ivan Levy, Chairman of the JBC Board, issued a stark warning to all staff: “Strike action could lead to dismissal.” The message was clear—those who chose to stand in solidarity with their striking colleagues risked losing their jobs.
In a dramatic move to maintain operations, the Board prepared to implement a plan that involved replacing any employees who left their posts during the strike. A chilling display emerged in the workplace, featuring a large board on which the names of strikebreakers were listed in striking white chalk. This public shaming served as a stark reminder of the difficult choices facing employees caught between their jobs and their principles.
The events surrounding this strike not only highlighted the tensions within the corporation but also reflected the broader societal issues at play— a battleground of loyalty, survival, and the quest for fair labour practices. As the strike continued, uncertainty loomed over the future of JBC employees, both striking and strikebreaking, testing the very fabric of solidarity within the workforce.
Unyielding Voices: The JBC Strike Demonstrations
Initially, the plan was to stage a large-scale march in support of the workers' rights during the 97-day strike at the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation (JBC). However, their application to the Commissioner of Police was swiftly denied, forcing organizers to adapt their strategy. Undeterred, they shifted their tactics to include picketing and road blockages, a testament to their steadfast commitment to the cause.
On March 7, 1964, tensions escalated as two significant demonstrations unfolded. During these events, 22 strikers were arrested, highlighting the confrontational climate surrounding the protest. The brave men and women who gathered to voice their grievances became a focal point in the fight for labour rights, standing firm in the face of opposition.
Amid the outcry, scenes of protesters sitting resolutely at Half Way Tree emerged, capturing the unwavering spirit of the movement. These images resonated with many, symbolizing not just the struggle of the strikers but the universal quest for justice and fair treatment in the workplace.
Credit: Former JBC employee
As the demonstrations continued, they not only drew attention to the demands of the JBC workers but also ignited a broader conversation about workers' rights throughout Jamaica. The resolve of the strikers, combined with their innovative methods of protest, served as a vital chapter in the nation's labour history.
Michael Manley and the 97-Day Battle at JBC: A Struggle for Workers' Rights
In a remarkable display of solidarity and conviction, Michael Manley, a senator and member of the National Workers Union, took a stand during the 97-day strike at the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation (JBC). Recognizing the profound implications of the strike, Mr. Manley reportedly deemed it one of the defining moments of his union career. What initially began as a dispute over the dismissal of two employees quickly evolved into a broader fight for fundamental workers' rights.
For Mr. Manley, the stakes transcended the individual cases of George Lee and his colleague Adrian Rodway. He reportedly viewed the issue as a critical battleground in the ongoing struggle against arbitrary employer authority and argued that it was unacceptable for an employer to terminate an employee for no reason other than “the arbitrary desire of the employer to get rid of the particular worker."
In a dramatic act of protest, Mr. Manley laid on the streets of Kingston during peak-hour traffic, drawing attention to the plight of the striking workers. A diverse crowd of Jamaicans from all walks of life, including both critics and supporters of the government, turned out. This gathering highlighted the widespread concern regarding the dismissals and underscored the urgent need for a reevaluation of labour practices in Jamaica.
The JBC strike became more than a local dispute; it symbolized the broader fight for justice and fairness in the workplace. As the movement gained momentum, it captured the attention of the nation and ignited conversations about the rights of workers, ultimately reshaping the future of labour relations in Jamaica.
Tear Gas and Tenacity: The JBC Strike Demonstrations
During the intense 97-day strike at the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation (JBC), a series of powerful demonstrations unfolded, capturing the nation’s attention and solidarity. Over 120 brave workers, men and women alike, took to the streets during peak hours, occupying major crossroads and blocking traffic for miles. Their commitment to the cause was palpable, but the authorities responded forcefully.
In an effort to disperse the demonstrators, squads armed with rifles unleashed tear gas on the peaceful protests, leading to the detention of hundreds, including prominent union leader Michael Manley. The use of tear gas was not only a tactic to clear the streets but also a stark refusal by the authorities to engage in meaningful negotiations.
Despite the oppressive tactics employed by the government, the demonstrations sparked a wave of nationwide interest in the critical issues at stake. Public support grew rapidly, transcending social and economic boundaries, as people from all walks of life rallied behind the workers' fight for their rights.
The scenes of protesters facing off against tear gas and armed squads galvanized a movement that underscored the harsh realities faced by labourers and the necessity for change. As the strike continued to unfold, it became not just a battle for a group of workers, but a pivotal moment in Jamaica's labour history, capturing the spirit of resilience and determination that would echo long after the tear gas settled.
Seeds of Discord: The 1964 JBC Strike and its Echoes at Jamaica College
The 1964 Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation (JBC) reverberated far beyond the airwaves, reaching even the hallowed grounds of Jamaica College. The trigger was seemingly Harvey Ennever, the esteemed headmaster of Jamaica College from 1960 to 1964. A respected figure in the academic community, Mr. Ennever also held a position on the JBC board. This dual role became the epicentre of a brewing storm.
The JBC strike, a labour dispute that paralyzed the island's main broadcasting outlet, created discord, and many felt the school's headmaster was caught in the middle. Concerns began to grow that the school, traditionally a place of education and discipline, was becoming entangled in the tumultuous world of politics. The issue escalated dramatically during the JC Sports Day being held on March 4, 1964. During the festivities, a visual symbol of the JBC strike was front and centre on the school grounds. Cars carrying JBC strikers drove through the campus not once, but three times.
It was a stark reminder of the conflict, a public display that could no longer be ignored. The atmosphere was further charged when students from the nearby University of the West Indies (UWI) staged a demonstration in front of the school. The authorities, sensing the heightened tension, placed two Special Constables on duty to maintain order. This escalating situation prompted a group of concerned students to take a stand. They felt the headmaster's involvement with the JBC was a clear conflict of interest. They argued that his dual role was drawing the school into the political fray and exposing it to potential repercussions from the striking workers. The students demanded that Mr. Ennever resign from his position on the JBC board.
The tension that had been growing for weeks turned violent. The April 21, 1964, edition of The Jamaica Gleaner newspaper reported that a classroom at JC had been stoned, a shocking act of violence that underscored the seriousness of the situation. Additionally, Mr. Ennever received threatening letters, demanding his resignation from the JBC board. The pressure was mounting, and the lines between school and the outside world, between education and politics, had become dangerously blurred.
The events of 1964 at Jamaica College serve as a poignant reminder of how national events can infiltrate the most unexpected corners of society. The JBC strike, a clash between labour and management, found its reflection within the walls of a revered institution. The experience at Jamaica College, a direct impact of national events, offers a valuable lesson in the ripple effects of conflict and the importance of maintaining the integrity of our institutions. It is a pivotal moment in Jamaican history, and the memories surrounding the event are seeds of discussion for future generations.
Hugh Small: Advocate for Workers' Rights and Legal Expertise
Hugh Small is a notable figure in Jamaican history, recognized for his involvement in the 1964 strike at the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation (JBC) and his subsequent career as an attorney. His journey reflects a commitment to social justice and advocacy for workers' rights.
Involvement in the 1964 Strike
In 1964, Hugh Small participated in a significant strike at JBC, which was sparked by the dismissal of two employees. This event highlighted the struggles faced by workers in the media industry. Small is prominently featured in photographs from the strike, symbolizing the collective action taken by employees to demand fair treatment and job security.
Transition to Law
After his activism at JBC, Hugh Small pursued a career in law, becoming a respected attorney. His legal expertise has allowed him to advocate for various causes, including labour rights and social justice. As an attorney, he has contributed to numerous legal battles that align with his commitment to fairness and equity in the workplace.
Legacy and Recognition
Small's early involvement in the strike and his later work as an attorney demonstrate his lifelong dedication to advocating for the rights of workers and marginalized communities. His story serves as an inspiration for future generations, illustrating the importance of standing up for one's rights and the power of collective action.
Hugh Small's legacy is marked by his dual commitment to labour rights and the legal profession, making him a significant figure in Jamaica's history of social advocacy.
Unity
The 1964 JBC strike was a pivotal moment in history, with supporters from all walks of life coming together to demand fair treatment. As seen in this photo, well-dressed individuals from the community showed their solidarity with the striking workers.
The diverse show of support highlighted the widespread recognition of the importance of workers' rights and the need for social change. This powerful display of unity and determination helped bring attention to the cause, ultimately contributing to a more equitable outcome for the workers involved.
Threads of Change: Fashion and the 1964 JBC Strike in Jamaica
In the vibrant and tumultuous atmosphere of 1960s Jamaica, the 1964 Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation (JBC) strike stands as a pivotal moment in the island’s history. But beyond its political and social ramifications, this strike offers a fascinating lens through which to examine the fashion of the era—an attire that spoke volumes about the cultural mores and gender dynamics of the time.
A Snapshot of the 1960s Jamaica
The 1960s were a time of significant transformation in Jamaica, as the island navigated its post-independence identity. With the echoes of colonial rule still resonating, the societal norms were often steeped in conservative values. This was reflected in the dress of both men and women, which adhered to a standard of propriety befitting the era while also borrowing influences from both African heritage and Western fashion.
Men’s Attire: Button-Down Shirts and Short Pants
At the forefront of the JBC strike, the male strikers donned button-down shirts, a staple that symbolized respectability and professionalism. These shirts, often shorter in length and worn either tucked or untucked, were a reflection of both practicality and cultural identity. The button-down style was versatile, allowing men to strike a balance between formal and casual—a necessity amidst the tumult of striking.
Interestingly, the attire of some senior police officers during the strike included short pants, a choice likely made for both comfort in the heat and an effort to project a less formal, more approachable demeanour. This juxtaposition between officers and strike leaders illustrated not only the social hierarchy but also the evolving expectations of authority figures during a period of significant civil engagement.
Women’s Attire: Demure Dresses and Skirts
Women participating in the strike exhibited their own unique fashion characteristics. The dresses and skirts worn by the female strikers were typically demure, embodying the prevailing ideals of femininity while still conveying a sense of purposeful defiance. Mid-calf length skirts were a common choice, reflecting a conservative approach to fashion that was nonetheless imbued with dignity.
The modesty of these garments mirrored the cultural values of respectability deeply ingrained in Jamaican society. While many women wore traditional cotton prints and soft fabrics, these choices did not undermine their commitment to the cause. Instead, they signified a strong sense of identity and solidarity among women fighting for better conditions in the workplace, bridging the gap between their roles as caregivers in the home and their aspirations for equality in the public sphere.
Cultural Reflections through Attire
The way men and women dressed during the 1964 JBC strike was more than just a matter of personal choice; it was a reflection of the broader cultural mores of Jamaica in the 1960s. Men’s button-down shirts, regardless of sleeve length, suggested a desire for dignity and professionalism, aligning with the increasing calls for social justice and fair labour practices. Women’s choice of demure, well-structured dresses and mid-calf skirts echoed the cultural expectation of modesty, while also empowering them to make bold statements during a significant period of protest.
As the strike progressed, attire became not just fabric but a statement of purpose and identity. Women engaging in the struggle donned garments that signified resilience and strength, even as they adhered to traditional feminine ideologies. For men, the button-down shirt served as a uniform of rebellion—a commitment to uplift the nation’s workers and provoke change, all while respecting the norms and values of a society grappling with its newfound autonomy.
The PBCJ Preserving History through Fashion: A Cultural Time Capsule
As we delve into the fashion of the 1964 JBC strike, we recognize its role as a unique cultural time capsule—preserving the essence of an era when Jamaica was carving out its identity on the world stage. Each button-down shirt and every knee-length skirt encapsulates stories of struggle, resilience, and the vibrant spirit of a nation in motion.
By documenting these observations and encoding them in a QR code, we breathe life into the past and ensure that the narratives of those who fought for their rights continue to resonate. The QR codes serve not only as a portal to a richer understanding of Jamaican history but also as a way of nurturing the collective memory of people who used fashion to forge their identity in the face of adversity. In weaving together the threads of fashion, culture, and activism, we celebrate not just the attire of the strikers, but the enduring impact of their legacy. Through this lens, we gain insight into a defining moment in Jamaica’s journey—one that reminds us that clothing can do more than cover our bodies; it can wrap itself around the very essence of who we are as a people.
Resilience and Camaraderie: Life During the 97-Day JBC Strike
The 1964 strike at the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation (JBC) stretched on for an arduous 97 days, many workers found ways to cope with the prolonged period of uncertainty and tension. In the absence of their daily routines, some spent their days playing dominoes and chatting with one another. These moments of camaraderie became a vital source of support as they navigated the challenges of the strike.
The sight of workers gathered together, laughing, and enjoying games amidst the backdrop of their struggle painted a powerful picture of resilience. While the demands for fair wages and better working conditions loomed large, the shared experiences and connections formed during this time fostered a sense of solidarity that would prove crucial in their fight for justice.
Photographs capturing these scenes of workers playing games and hanging out illustrated not just a fight for labour rights, but also a community remaining steadfast together. It was in these moments of levity that hope and determination flourished, reminding both the strikers and their supporters that they were united in their pursuit of a better future.
As the days turned into weeks, the spirit of companionship among the workers became a significant part of the strike narrative, showcasing the strength of the community even in the face of adversity. Their resilience and unwavering support for one another set the stage for the broader labour movement in Jamaica, emphasizing that together, they were stronger.
A Historic Display of Unity and Resolve
In a remarkable show of solidarity, hundreds of supporters gathered outside the iconic Barclays Bank in Kingston during the 1964 JBC strike. This photo at Barclays Bank in 1964 captured the determination of the protesters, united in their demand for change and reinstatement of the employees fired. As they stood in front of the Barclays Bank, a symbol of economic power in the heart of Kingston, the gathering underscored the urgency of their cause.
The JBC strike not only highlighted the grievances of the workers but also unified a community, bringing together individuals from all walks of life. It served as a powerful reminder of the strength found in collective action and the impact that a determined populace can have in advocating for their rights.
As the days unfolded, the spirit of camaraderie and resilience was palpable among the gathering, making the 1964 JBC strike a landmark moment in Jamaica's labour history. This event not only demanded immediate attention to the needs of the workers but also set the stage for future discussions on labour rights and economic justice on the island of Jamaica.
The Resolution of the 1964 JBC Strike: A Turning Point for Labour Relations
After 91 arduous days of unrest, the 1964 Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation (JBC) strike finally came to a close at 9:30 PM on the evening of April 24, following extended negotiations between JBC representatives and the National Workers Union (NWU). The breakthrough occurred at the Ministry of Labour, marking a significant step towards resolving the dispute that had captured the attention of the nation.
The discussions were notably intense and complex, particularly as they followed a failed bid for resumption that coincided with the first day of the inquiry on March 24, 1964. The inquiry had been convened to address the circumstances surrounding the dismissals of Adrian Rodway and George Lee, which had sparked the initial strike. Ultimately, the board of inquiry, presided over by Justice Eccleston, adjourned without further hearings into this contentious issue.
Key figures played critical roles during the negotiations. The union was represented by a formidable legal team, including Vivian Blake, Michael Manley, and Carlyle Dunkley. On the opposing side, the JBC was represented by Harvey Ennevers, Bill McClung, Ramon Alberga, Sylvia Carew, and G.A.W. Burke. Together, their discussions reflected the urgency and importance of reaching a resolution for the sake of both the workers and the corporation.
The culmination of these efforts not only addressed the immediate concerns of the striking employees but also served as a pivotal moment in the broader context of labour relations in Jamaica. The resolution underscored the importance of dialogue and negotiation in settling disputes, paving the way for more collaborative approaches to labour issues in the future.